GSH

The reduced form of glutathione GSH and oxidized form of glutathione GSSG work together with other redox-active compounds such as NADPH to maintain and regulate cellular redox status. GSH is quantitatively described as the redox potential, calculated by the Nernst equation. The synthesis of GSH is catalyzed by L-cysteine –ligase and glutathione synthase, while the oxidation, conjugation, and hydrolysis contribute to the consumption of GSH. Conjugation with endogenous and exogenous electrophiles is responsible for a large portion of cellular GSH consumption. The balance between its production, consumption, and transportation determine and strictly regulate the intracellular and extracellular GSH levels. The activities of the enzymes associated with GSH metabolism are regulated at transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels.